Gynaecology

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Gynaecology is the science that studies the structure, functions and diseases of the female reproductive system beyond the period of pregnancy, childbirth and lactation.
More often we come across the title obstetrician-gynecologist. Obstetrics and gynecology are two medical specialties that focus on two different aspects of the female reproductive system.

Obstetrics is more concerned with pregnancy and related procedures or complications, while gynaecology involves monitoring and administering treatment for women who are not pregnant.

Object of gynecology

The field of gynecology deals with all kinds of diseases related to the reproductive organs: uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, ovaries and vagina.
Problems related to the bowel, bladder and urethra can also be the subject of gynaecology as they are closely linked to the female reproductive organs and can often have an impact on the function of the reproductive system.

The most common medical conditions that gynecology deals with are:

• Menstrual problems:
  - amenorrhoea /lack of menstruation /
  - dysmenorrhoea /painful menstruation/
  - menorrhagia / heavy menstruation /
• Oncological diseases of the organs of the female reproductive system
• PCOS - polycystic ovary syndrome
• Ovarian cysts
• Endometriosis
• Uterine fibroids
• Vaginitis
• Vaginismus
• Genital herpes
• Urinary incontinence
• Prolapse of the pelvic organs
• Sexually transmitted infections - fungal, bacterial and viral infections/HPV/
• Usherman syndrome

Diagnostic methods used in gynecology:

• Manual gynecological examination
• Blood tests
• Ultrasound diagnostics
• Laparoscopy
• Hysteroscopy
• Biopsy
• Colposcopy

As with all referrals, conservative or surgical treatments are used in Gynecology practice.

• Conservative treatment includes the use of topical medications, contraceptives or oral medication.
• Sometimes, however, conservative treatment is not effective enough for a particular problem and then surgical intervention is required.

The specific surgical procedures that gynaecology covers are:

• Hysterectomy - removal of the uterus
• Oophorectomy - removal of the ovaries
• Salpingectomy - removal of fallopian tubes
• Conization - removal of precancerous cells in the cervix identified by PAP test
• Laparoscopic surgery is increasingly preferred over open surgery in cases where the disease allows treatment with this method

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